ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Researches are recently focus on topography and image dissection of nasolacrimal duct, but it is lack of systemically contrast researches between sectional anatomy and image anatomy on bone nasolacrimal duct by using dry cranium samples.OBJ ECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of sectional anatomy and image anatomy on bone nasolacrimal duct and provide evidences for related operations of nasolacrimal duct.DESrGN: Self controlled study.SETTING: Office of Teaching Supplies, Chengdu Medical College.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Topography Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomy, Chengdu Medical College from September 2005 to September 2006. Non-injured dry cranium was randomly selected from 34 adults (68 sides), including 34 sides on males and 34 sides on females.METHODS: ① Based on OM line, a routine scanning base line, which was regarded as the axial scanning baseline,samples were scanned at flat level with SHIMADZU CT device. Bone nasolacrimal duct was factitiously divided into three parts, including 1/3 superior segment, 1/3 middle segment and 1/3 inferior segment. The means at each related layer were determined as the final results. ② Cranium samples were signed based on image scanning baseline, and then they were cut into sections at cross section fault along scanning baseline at flat level with section razor. In addition, related indexes of bone nasolacrimal duct were measured and compared with image results.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Anterior, posterior, left and right diameters of superior aperture, 1/3 superior segment,1/3 middle segment, 1/3 inferior segment and inferior aperture of bone nasolacrimal duct; ② depth of internal bone wall and posterior bone wall in superior aperture, 1/3 superior segment, 1/3 middle segment, 1/3 inferior segment and inferior aperture if bone nasolacrimal duct; ③ position and form of inferior aperture of bone nasolacrimal duct; ④ comparisons of bone nasolacrimal duct between image anatomy and sectional anatomy.RESULTS: ① Anterior, posterior, left and right diameters of cross section of bone nasolacrimal duct: Superior aperture of bone nasolacrimal duct was narrow, but inferior aperture was changed obviously. Diameter was increased from top to bottom. In addition, anterior and posterior diameters were more than left and right ones. There was significant difference in internal diameter of superior aperture and 1/3 inferior segment of bone nasolacrimal duct between male and females (t =2.458, 2.227, P ＜ 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in internal diameter of 1/3 superior segment, 1/3 middle segment and inferior aperture of bone nasolacrimal duct between male and female (P ＞ 0.05). ② Depth of internal bone wall and posterior bone wall of bone nasolacrimal duct at cross section: Depths of internal bone wall and posterior bone wall of bone nasolacrimal duct were (0.87±0.23) mm and (0.21±0.19) mm, respectively. In addition, there was significant difference between them (t =2.547, P ＜ 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in depth of internal bone wall and related posterior bone wall of superior aperture, 1/3 superior segment, 1/3 middle segment, 1/3 inferior segment and inferior aperture of bone nasolacrimal duct between male and female (P ＞ 0.05). ③ Position and form of inferior aperture of bone nasolacrimal duct changed remarkably. Results of image anatomy of bone nasolacrimal duct were as the same as those of sectional anatomy.CONCLUSION: Perfection of normal sectional anatomy and image anatomy of bone nasolacrimal duct is beneficial for successfully performing related operations of nasolacrimal duct and reducing complications.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Foreign and domestic scholars have made some studies on local anatomy and imageology of osseous pterygopalatine fossa, but studies on anatomy of section of osseous pterygopalatine fossa are few.OBJECTIVE: To measure hole-hole distance and aperture of pterygopalatine fossa from adult cranial bone at coronary and horizontal planes, and to observe the morphology of pterygopalatine fossa at corresponding sections.DESIGN: Repeated measurement design.SETTING: Scientific Research Office, Chengdu Medical College.MATERIALS: This experiment was carried out in the Laboratory for Local Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy,Chengdu Medical College from March to November 2006. Sixty sides of complete dry cranial bone samples from 30 Chinese adult cases, who were of either gender and regardless of age, were involved in this study.METHODS: Bilateral pterygopalatine fossa of 30 dry cranial bone samples (60 sides) were sliced, 15 for slicing at coronary plane, and 15 for slicing at horizontal plane. Morphology of pterygopalatine fossa at the corresponding layers was observed, and related hole-hole distance and aperture were measured. Outcome was performed statistical analysis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurement at coronary plane: [1]orbit-rotundum distance (distance from the lowest point of inferior orbotal fissure to the center of rotundum); ② rotundum- pterygoid canal distance Ⅰ (vertical distance from the center of rotundum to the center of pterygoid canal); ③ rotundum- pterygoid canal distance Ⅱ (Distance from the area where rotundum appeared to the area where pterygoid canal appeared). Measurement at horizontal plane: [1]anterior-posterior dimension ( the largest distance between anterior and posterior walls which paralleled to perpendicular plate of palatine bone in each layer); ② lateral dimension (distance from midpoint of perpendicular plate of palatine bone to midpoint of line, which was between outermost sphenoidal process in the anterior wall of pterygopalatine fossa and foremost evagination in the posterior wall of pterygopalatine fossa). Morphology of pterygopalatine fossa in each layer was observed at coronary and horizontal planes, separately.RESULTS: ①At the coronary plane, the 1st to 6th layers of bilateral pterygopalatine fossa presented with inclined inverted trapezoid (70%, 21 sides), and inclined quadrilateral (30%, 9 sides), and the 7th to 10th layers of bilateral pterygopalatine fossa presented with canal-shape (100%). Themean value of right orbit-rotundum distance was (5.0±2.7) mm, andthat of left orbit-rotundum distance was (5.3±2.1) mm; The mean value of right rotundum- pterygoid canal distance Ⅰ was (6.4±3.9) mm, and that of left rotundum- pterygoid canal distance Ⅰ was (6.1±4.3) mm; The mean value of right rotundum- pterygoid canal distance Ⅱ was (7.3±2.6) mm, and that of left rotundum- pterygoid canal distance Ⅱ was (7.5±2.1) mm. ② At horizontal plane: The anterior and posterior walls of the 1st and 2nd layers of bilateral pterygopalatine fossa mainly presented with double curves with palinal convex surfaces (80%, 24 sides); the 3rd and 4th layers mainly presented with opposing convex surfaces (66.7%, 20 sides); The 5th to 6th layers mainly presented with canal shape (60%, 18 sides);And the 7th to 10th layers presented with canal shape (100%). At horizontal plane, for the pterygopalatine fossa in the 1st to 6th layers, its lateral dimension was larger than its anteroposterior dimension, and for the pterygopalatine fossa in the 7th to 10th layers, its lateral dimension was equal to its anteroposterior dimension. There were no significant differences of aperture in each layer of pterygopalatine fossa between bilateral samples (P＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Anatomical studies on the section of osseous pterygopalatine fossa retrieve the limitation in local anatomy,and provide reliable anatomical evidence for imageology of pterygopalatine fossa and related surgical operation.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There have been some foreign studies on the general anatomy of meniscus, while domestic materials about adult normal meniscus are few.OBJECTIVE: To measure the various data of adult meniscus, so as to provide anatomical basis for clinical meniscal sport injury.DESIGN: Repetitive measurement design.SETTING: Department of Scientific Research, Chengdu Medical College.MATERIALS: This experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Local Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy, Chengdu Medical College during September 2003 to September 2005. Totally 94 adult knee joint samples, without any diseases were harvested from 94 patients, including 48 male and 46 female.METHODS: Skin of knee joint, subcutaneous tissue and muscle were removed. Tendon of musculus quadriceps fexoris was cut above the whirbone. Articular capsule was open, and incisions were made and prolonged to the posterior wall of articular capsule. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments were exposed and cut near the starting point of anterior cruciate ligaments. Fat pad of articular capsule was carefully cleaned. Various data of adult medial and lateral meniscus before and after ex vivo were measured up and down.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurement before ex vivo: ① The largest sagittal diameter, the length of outer arc, the width of anterior angle, caudomedial part and posterior angel of medial meniscus. ②The largest sagittal diameter, the length of outer arc, the largest transverse diameter, aperture length ( distance between anterior and posterior angel border of lateral meniscus), the width of anterior angle, caudomedial part and posterior angle of the lateral meniscus. Measurement after exvivo: ①The largest sagittal diameter, the length of outer arc, the width of anterior angle, caudomedial part and posterior angel as well as the thickness of lateral border, center and free edge of anterior angle, caudomedial part and posterior angel of medial meniscus. ② The largest sagittal diameter, the length of outer arc, the largest transverse diameter,aperture length, the width of anterior angle, caudomedial part and posterior angel as well as the thickness of lateral border, center and free edge of anterior angle, caudomedial part and posterior angel of lateral meniscus. RESULTS: ①The measuring data of medial and lateral meniscus of female samples were a little smaller than those of male samples. The measuring results of medial and lateral meniscus of male samples were basically consistent with the observed results. ②The anterior angle, caudomedial part and posterior angle of medial and lateral meniscus were gradually thinned from lateral border to interior free edge, and they were filled in the plateau between medial or lateral condyles and tibia in wedge shape. ③ Medial meniscus presented "C" or crescent shape. An terior angle adhered to the anterior intercondylar fossa of tibia which located in the front of the attachment point of anterior cruciate ligament, and posterior angle adhered to posterior intercondylar fossa of tibia which located in the rear of posterior angle of lateral meniscus and in the anteriomedialis of the attachment point of posterior cruciate ligament; There was no obvious changes in the length of outer arc of medial meniscus be- fore ex vivo (t=1.98,P ＞ 0.05). ④The lateral meniscus presented "0" shape a little , and anterior angle adhered to the front part of nodus among condyles of tibia and the rear of anterior cruciate ligament, and the posterior angle adhered to the rear of lateral intercondylar tubercle which located in the front of attachment point of posterior angle of medial menisus; There were no obvious changes in the length of outer arc of lateral meniscus before and after ex vivo (t=0.61,P ＞ 0.05), but ob vious changes existed in the width of anterior angle, caudomedial part and posterior angel of medial meniscus (t=2.49,P ＜ 0.05). CONCLUSION: The obtained measuring data of meniscus provide referencing basis for clinical meniscal sport injury.